The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414 AD)
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325)
- He founded the Tughlaq dynasty after defeating and killing Khusrau Khan (the last Khilji ruler) in battle.
- He consolidated the Sultanate before dying in an accident, passing the throne to his son.
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325–1351)
- He ascended the throne peacefully after his father Ghiyasuddin died in an accident.
- He arbitrarily increased taxation in the Doab region and created the Diwan-i-Kohi (agricultural department) to provide direct loans to peasants.
- He controversially forced the upper classes to transfer the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri) to better control the South, a disastrous project that was eventually abandoned.
- He introduced token currency (bronze/copper coins equal to the value of silver), which failed terribly due to widespread public forgery.
- He planned ambitious military expeditions to Khurasan and the Qarachil (Himalayas), both of which drained the treasury and ended in heavy losses.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)
- He was peacefully selected by the court nobles and theologians to become Sultan after his cousin Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq died.
- He appeased the nobles and army by making military positions and Iqta land assignments hereditary.
- He strictly aligned taxation with Islamic law, levying Kharaj (land tax), Zakat (property tax), Khams (war booty), and heavily imposing Jizya (poll tax) on non-Muslims.
- He was a great builder who founded cities like Hisar, Jaunpur, and Firozabad, and repaired canals, imposing a water tax called Haque-i-Sharb.
- He created extensive welfare departments like Dar-ul-Shifa (a free hospital), Diwan-i-Khairat (charity for poor girls' marriages), and Diwan-i-Bandgan (department to manage slaves).