Mohini Jain Case (1992)

Supreme Court Judgement:

• Ruled that the right to education is a fundamental right under Article 21, extending to all levels including professional education like engineering and medicine.

• Stated that the right to life and dignity cannot be assured without the right to education, making it concomitant to fundamental rights.

• Declared that the state has a constitutional mandate to provide educational institutions at all levels.

• Deemed charging capitation fees for admission as a patent denial of a citizen's right to education, considering it arbitrary and violative of Article 14.

• Criticized the concept of "teaching shops" as contrary to the constitutional scheme, describing capitation fees as akin to selling education.

• Served as the foundation for the Unni Krishnan case (1993) and subsequently the 86th Amendment Act (2002).

• In the Unni Krishnan case, the Supreme Court partially upheld and partially overruled the Mohini Jain judgement.

• The Unni Krishnan case addressed concerns that following the Mohini Jain judgement would necessitate the closure of engineering and medical colleges.

• The subsequent judgement provided further clarification on the implementation of the right to education.