The Wahabi/Walliullah Movement:
- Inspired by the teachings of Abdul Wahab of Arabia and the preachings of Shah Walliullah.
- Aim: Revival of the true spirit of Islam and resistance to Western influences.
- Two main ideals:
- Harmonization of Islamic Jurisprudence: Unify the four major schools of Muslim law.
- Role of Individual Conscience: Encourage personal interpretation of religious texts.
- Popularized by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
- Initially targeted Sikhs in Punjab, later turned against the British after their annexation of Punjab in 1849.
- Played a role in the 1857 Revolt but lost momentum due to British suppression in the 1870s.
The Faraizi Movement:
- Also called the Fara'idi Movement, founded by Haji Shariatullah in 1818 in East Bengal.
- Aimed to emphasize Islamic pillars of faith.
- Led by Haji's son, Dudu Mian from 1840.
- Developed an organizational structure from village to provincial levels.
- Movement weakened after Dudu Mian's arrest in 1847 and continued as a religious movement after his death in 1862.
The Ahmadiyya Movement:
- Originated in India, founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.
- Represents a distinct sect of Islam.