Singh Sabha Movement:
- Founded: At Amritsar in 1873.
- Objectives:
- Promote modern Western education among the Sikhs.
- Counter the proselytizing efforts of Christian missionaries, Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists, and Muslim maulvis.
Akali Movement:
- Also known as: Gurudwara Reform Movement.
- Offshoot of: Singh Sabha Movement.
- Objective: Free Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants, whose positions had become hereditary.