The Theosophical Society was founded by a group of Westerners led by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott in New York City in 1875. It aimed to study and promote ancient wisdom and Eastern thought, particularly Hindu and Buddhist philosophies. In 1882, the society shifted its headquarters to Adyar, near Madras (now Chennai) in India.
Theosophical Movement and Hindu Renaissance:
- Advocacy: The movement opposed child marriage, promoted the abolition of caste discrimination, worked towards the upliftment of outcastes, and sought improvements in the condition of widows.
- India and Annie Besant: The movement gained more popularity in India after Annie Besant became its president in 1907 following the death of Colonel Olcott. Besant arrived in India in 1893.
Contributions of Annie Besant:
- Central Hindu College: In 1898, Besant founded the Central Hindu College in Benaras, where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught.
- Benaras Hindu University: The college later became the core of the Benaras Hindu University, which was established in 1916.
- Women’s Education: Besant also contributed significantly to the cause of women's education in India.
Impact and Legacy:
- Cultural Revival: Although the Theosophical movement did not have significant success as religious revivalists, it provided Indians with a sense of pride in their ancient culture and philosophical traditions.
- Self-Respect: The movement's emphasis on Indian thought and philosophy gave self-respect to Indians resisting British colonial rule.
- Critique: On the other hand, the movement was criticized for sometimes promoting a sense of outdated and backward-looking traditions in Indian culture.
The Theosophical Society played an essential role in fostering a renewed appreciation for Indian culture and spirituality while also contributing to social and educational reforms.