Who propounded the universal law of gravitation?

The universal constant of gravitation G has the unit

What happens to the gravitational force between two objects if the mass of one object is doubled and the distance between them is also doubled?

If the distance between two objects is increased by two times, the gravitational force between them will

If the distance between the Earth and the Sun were twice what it is now, the gravitational force exerted on the Earth by the Sun would be –

If the gravitational force of the earth suddenly disappears, which are of the following will be the correct consequence?