The political associations that emerged in the second half of the 19th century were pivotal in promoting Indian interests and challenging British policies. They organized various campaigns aimed at addressing specific grievances and advocating for the rights of Indians. These campaigns included:
- Imposition of Import Duty on Cotton (1875): The campaign aimed to protect Indian cotton industries from cheap British imports.
- Indianisation of Government Service (1878-79): A push for greater representation of Indians in government positions to reflect the Indian population.
- Opposition to Lytton’s Afghan Adventure: Criticized the British invasion of Afghanistan under Lord Lytton's direction, which was seen as unnecessary and burdensome.
- Against Arms Act (1878): Challenged the Act that restricted the possession of weapons by Indians while allowing Europeans greater access.
- Against Vernacular Press Act (1878): Campaigned against restrictions on the Indian press and the curtailment of freedom of expression.
- Right to Join Volunteer Corps: Advocated for Indians' right to participate in volunteer military organizations.
- Against Plantation Labour and Inland Emigration Act: Campaigned against exploitative practices and restrictions placed on Indian laborers, particularly in the plantations.
- In Support of Ilbert Bill: Supported the bill that aimed to allow Indian judges to preside over cases involving Europeans.
- For an All India Fund for Political Agitation: Aimed to gather resources for sustained political advocacy and agitation.
- Campaign in Britain to Vote for Pro-India Party: Efforts in Britain to encourage voters to support politicians sympathetic to Indian causes.
- Against Reduction in Maximum Age for Indian Civil Service: Led by the Indian Association, this campaign protested the reduction in the maximum age limit for appearing in the Indian Civil Service exam. Known as the Indian Civil Service agitation, it represented an all-India effort to resist discriminatory policies.
These campaigns paved the way for greater political organization and awareness among Indians, eventually contributing to the rise of the Indian National Congress and the broader Indian freedom struggle.
